by Kaitlyn Dent

Lithium-ion batteries have become an integral part of our daily lives, powering everything from smartphones to e-bikes, from electric vehicles to children’s toys. States like Oregon are leading the shift towards renewable energy, with lithium-ion battery-driven data centers, electric vehicle charging stations, and large-scale battery storage sites being built across the state. However, despite their widespread use and efficiency, these batteries can pose significant fire risks that can lead to severe safety hazards and property damage.  

How Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Start

Lithium-ion battery fires typically result from a process known as “thermal runaway.” This occurs when the battery’s internal temperature rises uncontrollably, leading to a chemical reaction that generates even more heat. Lithium-ion batteries don’t simply burn: thermal runaway involves a chain reaction that generates intense heat and hazardous gases while proving extremely difficult to extinguish.

While several factors can trigger thermal runaway, some of the most common factors include: 

  • Overcharging: Excessive charging can cause the battery to overheat, leading to thermal runaway.
  • Physical Damage: Punctures or impacts can compromise the battery’s internal structure, causing short circuits.
  • Manufacturing Defects: Design or production flaws within the battery can lead to internal short circuits.
  • Exposure to High Temperatures: External heat sources can elevate the battery’s temperature, initiating thermal runaway.

 
Potential Risks and Damages 

The consequences of lithium-ion battery fires can be catastrophic. Lithium-ion fires don’t behave like ordinary fires and tend to spread extremely quickly and run extremely hot once they ignite, making fire suppression difficult, especially if multiple batteries are involved.

In May 2025, for example, a data center reportedly leased by Elon Musk’s X in Hillsboro, Oregon, became the site of a dangerous lithium-ion battery fire, with fire crews working for hours to suppress the fire before ultimately electing to abandon direct suppression efforts, instead working to contain the perimeter while allowing the battery bank to burn itself out. The full extent of damages resulting from this fire is yet unknown.

Even on a smaller scale, lithium-ion battery fires can cause severe burns and injuries to individuals, extensive property damage to homes, vehicles, and other properties, and can release noxious gases that can both harm the environment and pose significant health risks to humans and pets. Tests of burning lithium-ion cells have shown that they emit hydrogen fluoride and other acidic fluorine gases that can scar lungs, burn skin, and even etch glass.

Safety Tips to Prevent Lithium-Ion Battery Fires

To minimize the risk of lithium-ion battery fires at home, consider the following safety tips:

  • Use Approved Chargers: Chargers recommended by the device manufacturer or provided with the device may be designed to prevent overcharging for that particular device, lowering the risk of overheating
  • Monitor Charging: Do not leave devices charging unattended for extended periods, especially overnight or near flammable materials.
  • Battery Care: Handle devices carefully to prevent drops or impacts that could damage the battery, and store devices or batteries in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or heat sources. Follow local regulations for the safe disposal of lithium-ion batteries to minimize environmental harm.
  • Stay Informed: Keep an eye on recalls or safety notices issued by manufacturers, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  • Share Information: Inform family, colleagues, and others about proper lithium-ion usage, care, and handling procedures.

Data centers and larger scale facilities, of course, should consider several additional factors, including building architecture, equipment interaction, battery storage and selection, and comprehensive safety protocols and emergency plans.

Take-aways

While lithium-ion batteries offer numerous benefits, their potential fire risks necessitate careful handling and adherence to safety guidelines. By understanding the causes and consequences of these fires and implementing preventive measures, we can enjoy the advantages of lithium-ion technology while safeguarding our safety and property. If you or a client experiences a lithium-ion battery fire that results in a catastrophic loss, whether at home or in a large-scale facility, consult with an attorney knowledgeable in product liability, fire science, and catastrophic fire cases.

About the Author: 

Kaitlyn Dent is a litigation attorney at Grotefeld Hoffmann based in Portland, Oregon. Her practice focuses on large loss property subrogation and recovery, including fire losses, water losses, construction defects, and products liability. She has extensive experience in complex litigation matters including catastrophic loss, mass tort litigation, and wildland fires. She is licensed in Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Wyoming.